Ge and Si isotope signatures in rivers: A quantitative multi-proxy approach

Solutes derived from the dissolution of silicate minerals play a key role in Earth's climate via the carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. Silicon (Si) is a unique constituent of silicate minerals and a biologically important nutrient, so tracing its behavior in near-surface environments may provide important insights into weathering processes. However, Si released by weathering is variably incorporated into secondary mineral phases and biota, obscuring signals derived from primary weathering processes. Due to chemical similarities, Germanium (Ge) may help better understand the Si cycle and its relationship to chemical weathering. With this aim, we report new measurements of the concentration and isotopic composition of Ge for both the dissolved and particulate phases of a variety of global rivers. These measurements are combined with analyses of concentration and isotopic ratio of Si on the exact same sample set in order to make direct comparisons of the behavior of these two elements in natural river systems. With this dataset, we develop a new modeling framework describing the full elemental and isotopic systems of these solutes in rivers (i.e., Ge/Si, , and ). This multi-proxy approach allows us to ascertain the relative importance of biological versus mineral uptake in modulating the fluxes of these elements delivered to the modern ocean. Dissolved composition of rivers studied thus far range from 0.9 to 5.5‰ with a discharge-weighted global average of 2.6 ± 0.5‰. The Ge isotope composition of riverine suspended and bedload sediments is indistinguishable from silicate source rocks, which is consistent with mass balance expectations. The multi-proxy modeling suggests that, among the watersheds studied here, the isotopic fractionation of Si during secondary mineral phase precipitation () ranges from −2.7 to −0.2‰, which removes between 19–79% of the initial dissolved Si, while between 12–54% is incorporated by biota. For Ge, modeling indicates that 79–98% of the dissolved load is incorporated into secondary mineral phases with a ranging from −4.9 to −0.3‰. The fractionation induced by biological uptake is calculated to range from −2.6 to −1.3‰ for and −0.7 ± 0.7‰ for . In addition to improving our understanding of the coupled Ge and Si cycles, our study provides a framework for using multiple isotopic tracers to elucidate the chemical behavior of solutes in natural waters