Analogical reasoning is recognized as a core component of human intelligence. It has been extensively studied from philosophical and psychological viewpoints, but recent works also address the modeling of analogical reasoning for computational purposes, particularly focused on analogical proportions. We are interested here in the use of analogical proportions for making predictions, in a machine learning context. In recent works, analogy-based classifiers have achieved noteworthy performances, in particular by performing well on some artificial problems where other traditional methods tend to fail. Starting from this empirical observation, the goal of this thesis is twofold. The first topic of research is to assess the relevance of analogic...