In this thesis we are interested in singularities of complex varieties defined as the zero locus of a morphism without slope. In a first time we study nearby cycles and vanishing cycles associated to such morphisms. In a second time we want to understand Hodge theory of morphisms without slope.The first part of this thesis is devoted to add some complements to the work of P. Maisonobe on morphisms without slope. We start with the construction of a comparison morphism between algebraic nearby cycles (for D-modules) and topological nearby cycles (for perverse sheaves). Then we show that this morphism is an isomorphism in the case of a morphism without slope. Finally we construct a topological vanishing cycles functor for a morphism without sl...