Capacity to act in person in civil litigation

Civilni pravdni postopek je postopek, kjer sta v ospredju stranki, tožnik in toženec. Stranka je tisti, ki zahteva od sodišča pravno varstvo določene vsebine ter tisti, proti kateremu tožnik zahteva pravno varstvo. Za potek postopka zakon zahteva, da ima stranka izpolnjene pogoje za sposobnost biti stranka, pravdno sposobnost in postulacijsko sposobnost. Postulacijska sposobnost je sposobnost dati procesnim dejanjem pravno relevantno obliko. Gre za predpostavko opravljanja procesnih dejanj, ki jo sodišče upošteva po uradni dolžnosti. Če postulacijska sposobnost ni podana, gre za absolutno bistveno kršitev postopka. Zakon o pravdnem postopku v 86. členu določa, da smejo stranke opravljati pravdna dejanja osebno ali po pooblaščencu. V postopkih pred prvostopenjskem sodiščem lahko stranke opravljajo procesna dejanja same ali po pooblaščencu. Uveljavljen je t.i. sistem popolne postulacijske sposobnosti. Če ima stranka pooblaščenca, lahko sodišče v posebnih primerih zahteva od nje, da se sama izjavi o določenih dejstvih, ki jih je potrebno ugotoviti v pravdi. To pomeni, da ima pred sodiščem na prvi stopnji vsaka stranka postulacijsko sposobnost, drugače pa je v postopku z izrednimi pravnimi sredstvi. V postopku z izrednimi pravnimi sredstvi lahko stranka opravlja pravdna dejanja samo po pooblaščencu, ki je odvetnik. Izjemoma lahko opravlja procesna dejanja sama, če ima opravljen pravniški državni izpit ali če ga ima opravljenega njen zakoniti zastopnik. V Sloveniji je tako uveljavljeno obvezno zastopanje po odvetnikih. Takšno ureditev imamo predvsem zaradi javnega interesa, prav tako pa je obvezno zastopanje po odvetnikih v korist strank samih. Pripomore k manjši obremenjenosti sodišč in k hitrejšem reševanjem sporov, hkrati pa pomaga strankam pri uspešnem uveljavljanju njihovih interesov, ker v večini primerov stranke same niso dovolj vešče prava. Vloge sestavljene s strani odvetnikov so preglednejše, procesno gradivo jasneje opredeljeno, kar pripomore k hitrejšim postopkom in boljši kakovosti sojenja. Na takšen način se prepreči tudi, da so vložene očitno neutemeljene tožbe in tako ne obremenjujejo že preobremenjenih sodišč.Civil litigation is a procedure based on two clients: the plaintiff and the defendant. The plaintiff requires from the court legal protection of some content. The defendant is a person against whom the legal protection is required. Each party has to fulfill the conditions for three important capacities: capacity to be a party, capacity to sue and capacaty to act in person. Capacaty to act in person is an ability to give to one\u27s own procedural acts a legally relevant shape in civile proceedings. The court in Slovenia has to check ex officio, if the conditions of being capable to act in person in civil proceedings are fulfilled. The violation of this rules means an absolute violation of the litigation provision. Slovenian Code of Civil Procedure provides in article 86., that the parties are allowed to participate in civil procedure by themselves or by the assigne. In the proceeding at first instance court the parties are allowed to perform in the civil procedure on their own or they can have the assigne. But at the proceedings with the extraordinary remedies they can only be represented by the lawyer. They can also represent themselves if they have successfully passed the bar examination or if their legal representative passed it. So in Slovenia we have a system of obligatory representation by lawyers. We have it mainly because of the state interests, but it is also in the interest of the parties. It helps with the congestion of courts and with faster dispute resolutions. But on the other hand it is also in the interest of parties, so they can more successfully defend their interests, because the parties themselves are not as familiar with legal terms and rules, as the lawyers are. Lawsuits filed by lawyers are more accurate and precise, that helps with faster procedures and better quality of trial