Evolution et Développement du crâne chez les primates strepsirrhiniens

Since Haeckel (1866), the evolutionary modification of ontogeny has been recognized as an important source of morphological innovation. Due to recent advances in developmental genetics and phenotypic analysis, evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) studies have regained considerable interest and led to fundamental changes in our understanding of how ontogeny and phylogeny are related. This thesis investigates the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny in strepsirrhine primates. The suborder Strepsirrhini, which comprises galagos, lorises and Malagasy lemurs, is thought to have retained most of the ancestral primate condition (as opposed to the suborder Haplorrhini, which comprises tarsiers and anthropoids). Nevertheless, strepsirrhines are highly diverse in their morphology. Here, the focus is on cranial diversity, which is analyzed from a developmental perspective with a new set of geometric morphometric tools. First, patterns of craniomandibular variability in extant adult primates are analyzed. Taking into account the phylogenetic constraints applying to the skull morphology permits a quantification of how dietary specialization and activity patterns influence cranio-mandibular morphology in both primates suborders. Also, the skull morphology in strepsirrhines and haplorrhines is clearly distinct, and it is shown here that differences between and within infraorders can be traced back to differences in developmental modes. According to a hypothesis proposed by Beard (1988), strepsirrhinism” represents the primitive condition of the primate skull. This thesis shows that the cranial morphology of the Omomyidae – a basal haplorrhine taxon comprising the genera Rooneyia, Necrolemur and Microchoerus – is closer to that of extant strepsirrhines than to that of haplorrhines, while the cranial morphology of Tarsius is closer to that of other extant haplorrhines, i.e., the anthropoids. Thus, it is probable that the shift towards a modern haplorrhine morphology occurred in one omomyid lineage, to the exclusion of the three genera mentioned above.New arguments are proposed to support the hypothesis that the cranio-mandibular morphologies of the cheirogaleids and galagids are the least derived from the ancestral condition of toothcombed strepsirrhines. This thesis presents a comparative geometric morphometric analysis of cranio-mandibular development in ten strepsirrhine and two haplorrhine species. Haplorrhines and strepsirrhines differ widely in ontogenetic trajectory direction, length and position. Within the strepsirrhines, divergence between taxon-specific ontogenetic trajectories and allometric grade shifts are more pronounced in lemurs than in lorises. This pattern of evolutionary modification of ontogenetic trajectories is interpreted in the context of the rapid adaptive radiation of lemurs. The last section uses insights obtained from the evolutionary developmental analysis of extant taxa for a comparative analysis of fossil strepsirrhine taxa. The morphologies of extant and extinct strepsirrhines are compared. In particular, the morphology of the skull is well known from two adapiform subfamilies, Adapinae and Notharctinae. Among the adapines, a size increase has occurred in the Leptadapis lineage via a shift in allometric grade, which suggests phyletic gigantism in this genus. Adapiforms exhibit longer ontogenetic trajectories than extant strepsirrhines. A trend toward a shortening of ontogenetic trajectories has occurred in the evolutionary history of strepsirrhines. This can be related to a context of general increase in encephalization within this lineage.Les récents progrès de la génétique du développement et de l’analyse du phénotype ont engendré un regain d’intérêt considérable pour l’étude de l’évolution du développement (evo-devo). Cette thèse présente une étude des relations entre ontogénie et phylogénie dans le sous-ordre des primates strepsirrhiniens. Ici, on s’intéresse au complexe crâniomandibulaire, dont la croissance et le développement sont analysés à l’aide d’un ensemble d’outils dédiés de géométrie morphométrique. Une analyse comparative de l’ontogénie du crâne et de la mandibule est conduite sur un ensemble de dix espèces de strepsirrhiniens et de deux espèces d’haplorrhiniens. Les haplorrhiniens et les strepsirrhiniens diffèrent largement dans la direction, la position, et la longueur de leurs trajectoires ontogénétiques. Chez les lémuriens malgaches, il y a une plus grande diversité de direction, de position et de longueur des trajectoires ontogénétiques que chez les loriformes. De plus, on observe des différences importantes de grade allométrique parmi les espèces de lémuriens, et une plus faible variabilité au sein des loriformes. Une analyse comparative est conduite sur un échantillon de primates Eocènes adapiformes et de strepsirrhiniens actuels. Au sein des adapinés, une augmentation de taille via transposition allométrique caractérise la lignée des Leptadapis. Enfin, les adapiformes adapinés et notharctidés ont des trajectoires ontogénétiques plus longues en terme de quantité de changement de forme que les espèces de strepsirrhiniens actuels. Une tendance au raccourcicement des trajectoires ontogénétiques caractérise l’évolution des strepsirrhiniens. Ceci est lié, au cours de leur histoire évolutive, à l’expression de contraintes de développement dans un contexte général de sélection en faveur de l’augmentation de leur degré d’encéphalisation