New estimates are derived for the overall properties of linear solids with pointwise heterogeneous local properties. The derivation relies on the use of ‘comparison solids’ which, unlike comparison solids considered previously, are themselves pointwise heterogeneous. The estimates are then exploited within an incremental homogenization scheme to determine the overall response of multiphase elasto-viscoplastic solids under arbitrary loading histories. By way of example, the scheme is applied to incompressible Maxwellian solids with power-law plastic dissipation; particularly simple estimates of the Hashin–Shtrikman type are obtained. Predictions are confronted with full-field simulations for particulate composites under cyclic and rotating l...