Increased Expression of Toll-Like Receptors by Monocytes and Natural Killer Cells in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis

. with TLR 2, 4 and 9 ligands and production of cytokines was analyzed. responses to TLR ligands did not differ significantly between patients and HC.In AAV, monocytes and NK cells display increased TLR expression. Increased TLR expression by these leukocytes, probably resulting from increased activation, could play a role in disease (re)activation