Quantitative proteomics using tandem mass tags in relation to the acute phase protein response in chicken challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide endotoxin

The inflammatory response in chickens (Gallus Gallus domesticus) is an integral part of the bird's response to infection. Detailing proteomic changes occurring during infection would be beneficial to the poultry industry, offering opportunities for comparative pathophysiological analysis. The objective of this study was to quantify the changes in the plasma proteome in chickens challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin known to stimulate the host innate immune system. Plasma from chicken (N = 6) challenged with Escherichia coli (LPS) (2 mg/kg body weight) was collected pre (0 h) and at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-injection along with plasma from a control group (N = 6) challenged with sterile saline. Samples were analysed by a quantitative Tandem Mass Tags approach using a Q-Exactive-Plus mass-spectrometer. Identification and relative quantification were performed using Proteome Discoverer, and data were analysed using R. Gene Ontology terms were analysed by Cytoscape based on the Gallus gallus database. Finally, 87 significantly regulated proteins were found, including serum-amyloid-A, ovotransferrin and alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein, showing a significant effect of time post-injection in the LPS-treated group. Different pathways related with protein activation cascade and heterotopic cell-cell adhesion were affected by LPS-challenge. LPS-challenged chickens demonstrate significant changes to the plasma proteome with both increases and decreases of individual proteins within 12 h of challenge. Significance: The injection of chicken with bacterial lipopolysaccharide followed by sequential plasma and clinical analysis of the bird, is a long established and a widely used model for inflammation and infection studies. This study, utilising and combining proteomic and immunoassay analysis with bioinformatic analysis, revealed that several biological pathways are modulated during this early period of inflammation. In addition, proteins with biomarker potential were identified and successfully validated. This experimental model also demonstrated potential for pathophysiological mechanism investigation and as an inflammatory model for biomedical research. There is, despite plasma being an easily accessible biological matrix which is representative of the health status of the bird, scarce data on the chicken plasma proteome. This research makes a positive contribution to the current field, generating significant data for continuing comparative analysis