The stable isotope fingerprint of chemosymbiosis in the shell organic matrix of seep-dwelling bivalves

Chemosymbiotic bivalves harboring endosymbiotic, chemotrophic bacteria have been investigated from a variety of hydrocarbon seeps worldwide. It has been shown that carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopic compositions of the animal soft body parts are excellent indicators for evaluating energy transfer and food sources for the respective deep-sea habitats. However, recognition of chemosymbiosis has proven to be difficult for bivalves that dwelled at ancient seeps due to the lack of soft tissue. Here, we investigated delta C-13, delta N-15, and delta S-34 signatures of the tissue (mantle) and the shell organic matrix (SOM) of the same specimens of three bathymodiolin mussel species with different chemotrophic symbionts (methanotrophs in Bathymodiolus platifrons and B. childressi and thiotrophs in B. aduloides) and one vesicomyid clam (Calyptogena sp.) from a variety of hydrocarbon seeps from the South China Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. The data obtained demonstrate that all seep bivalves regardless of species or locations reveal overall small differences in delta C-13 (<= + 4 parts per thousand), delta N-15 (<= + 1 parts per thousand), and delta S-34 (<= + 5 parts per thousand) values between SOM and mantle (Delta(SOM-mantle)) of the specimens. Relatively larger Delta(SOM-mantle) for d13C values (as high as + 10 parts per thousand)in B. platifrons and larger Delta(SOM-mantle) for delta S-34 values (up to 16 parts per thousand) in B. aduloides and Calyptogena sp. might be due to different symbionts in their gills. Since SOM can be extracted from fossil bivalve shells, the proxy can be used as a fingerprint of chemosynthesis-based food chains, although its utility will depend on the quality of preservation of the shell organic matter. Despite this uncertainty, the new proxy has great potential to reconstruct energy flow through different types of chemosynthesis-based ecosystems