Adsorption and Grafting of Polyelectrolytes at Solid-Liquid Interfaces

A novel strategy for fabrication of responsive functional polymer films is based on grafting of several different functional polymers onto a solid substrate at high grafting density, resulting in varied types of polymer brushes. Such an arrangement suggests many interesting applications of the multicomponent polymer brushes, regarding their versatile adaptive surfaces, capable for responding to changes of solvent polarity, pH, temperature, electromagnetic field and other stimuli, generally by reversible swelling. Mixed amphiphilic polystyrene-poly(2-vynil pyridine) (PS-P2VP) brushes are an example for responsive class of smart materials, which can switch between hydrophilic and hydrophobic energetic state upon changes in the quality of surrounding media. The switching of wettability was found to operate in a broad range and was selectively controlled in organic solvents and in aqueous solutions. Another example for an adaptive/switching behavior is addressed to a polymer brush with a remarkable response to the pH and the ionic strength variations of the aqueous solutions. Combination of weak polyacrylic acid, PAA, and weak polybase, P2VP, in the anchored layer allowed one with a small shift of the pH, to obtain a significant effect on the surface and the interfacial properties of the material. Both type of polymer brushes were examined as adsorbing materials for nanoparticles and charged synthetic- and bio-macromolecules. Their adaptive properties were successively linked to the results of the adsorption experiments. The simplest case was adsorption of nano-particles, functionalised with strong ionic groups, onto binary, PAA-P2VP, polyelectrolyte brushes. Maintaining a constant charge density of the adsorbing component (strong polyelectrolyte effect), allowed one to cause and manipulate a privileged swelling of one of the weak polyelectrolyte brush layers, without affecting the adsorbate properties, and to regulate the thickness of adsorbed layer only by the pH signal. In the case of adsorption of macromolecules with tuneable electrical charge (polyampholytes and proteins), the system became more complicated, regarding their environmentally responsive properties, similar to that exhibited by the polymer brushes. The driving forces were regulated by the switching performance of the brush, simply by adjusting the pH and/or ionic strength conditions. The adsorbed amount and morphological changes of polyampholyte layers were investigated as function of pH and was performed on mixed amphiphilic and binary polyelectrolyte brushes. A special emphasis was set on the binary brush capability to take the control over the interfacial performance of attaching proteins. It was found, that the sharp environmental response of the adsorbent (the polymer brush) strongly influences the morphology of adsorbed protein layers, their thickness and properties. Changing the polarity of the substrate allowed one to regulate the adsorption processes qualitatively and quantitatively. The significant aggregation of protein molecules on PS-P2VP brush and their disassembly on PAA-P2VP brush at the same solvent conditions, we devote to the hydrophobic-hydrophilic transition, occurred at the surface by replacing PS with PAA. The protein aggregates, monitored on the surface of PS-P2VP, sufficiently decrease their size, when switching the brush energetic state from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by adjusting the pH of the media. This effect was found to be well controlled by the brush switching phenomenon in hydrophilic-hydrophobic direction and vice versa. In conclusion, we showed how the structural reorganization in thin polymer brush layers of different type may dramatically affect their surface properties. The adaptive behavior in response of external stimuli was found to be a basis for highly specific interactions, depending on geometric factors, conformational state and environment