Prediction of the potential global distribution for <i>Biomphalaria straminea</i>, an intermediate host for <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>

<div><p>Background</p><p>Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne parasitic disease and is endemic in many tropical and subtropical countries. <i>Biomphalaria straminea</i>, an intermediate host for <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>, is native to the southeastern part of South America and has established in other regions of South America, Central America and southern China during the last decades. <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America and the Caribbean. Knowledge of the potential global distribution of this snail is essential for risk assessment, monitoring, disease prevention and control.</p><p>Methods and findings</p><p>A comprehensive database of cross-continental occurrence for <i>B</i>. <i>straminea</i> was compiled to construct ecological models. We used several approaches to investigate the distribution of <i>B</i>. <i>straminea</i>, including direct comparison of climatic conditions, principal component analysis and niche overlap analyses to detect niche shifts. We also investigated the impacts of bioclimatic and human factors, and then used the bioclimatic and footprint layers to predict the potential distribution of <i>B</i>. <i>straminea</i> at global scale. We detected niche shifts accompanying the invasions of <i>B</i>. <i>straminea</i> in the Americas and China. The introduced populations had enlarged its habitats to subtropical regions where annual mean temperature is relatively low. Annual mean temperature, isothermality and temperature seasonality were identified as most important climatic features for the occurrence of <i>B</i>. <i>straminea</i>. Additionally, human factors improved the model prediction (<i>P</i><0.001). Our model showed that under current climate conditions the snail should mostly be confined to the tropic and subtropic regions, including South America, Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our results confirmed that niche shifts took place in the invasions of B. straminea, in which bioclimatic and human factors played an important role. Our model predicted the global distribution of <i>B</i>. <i>straminea</i> based on habitat suitability, which would help for prioritizing monitoring and management efforts for <i>B</i>. <i>straminea</i> control in the context of ongoing climate change and human disturbances.</p>