Knockdown of calcium and cAMP pathway in central clock affects the periodicity of adult emergence.

<p>(A)(a-e) <i>Left</i>: Pattern of emergence in DD following knockdown of <i>cacophony</i> (a), <i>Ca-alpha1D</i> (b), <i>rutabaga</i> (c), and <i>dunce</i> (d) in PDF neurons <i>versus</i> controls (e); <i>Right</i>: corresponding MESA analysis with value of free-running period (h) indicated. (B)(a-e) Left: pattern of emergence under DD of corresponding knockdown in all clock cells. (C) Free-running periodicity (a) and rhythmicity index (RI) values (b) for genotypes shown in (A) and for controls. In (a) each circle indicates results obtained in separate experiments; average is indicated by horizontal line; (b) shows the average (± SEM) RI, with different letters indicating statistically different groups (<i>p</i><0.05; one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s <i>post hoc</i> multiple comparison analyses). (D) Free-running periodicity (a) and rhythmicity index (RI) values (b) for genotypes shown in (B) and for controls, represented as in (C). In all experiments, GAL4 driver was used in combination with UAS-<i>dcr2</i> to potentiate effectiveness of RNAi knockdown.