Oral pharmacokinetic interaction of ester rich fruit juices and pharmaceutical excipients with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in male Wistar rats

<p>1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of intestinal esterases on the absorption process of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF).</p> <p>2. The esterase inhibition capacity of fruit juices (FJs) rich in ester linkages and pharmaceutical excipients (having ester bonds) was performed <i>in vitro</i> by incubating TDF with each FJ and excipient in the intestinal washings. The <i>ex vivo</i> everted gut sac model was also used to evaluate the absorption enhancement capacity of these FJs and excipients. Single-dose oral pharmacokinetic studies were performed by concomitant administration of TDF with each of the selected FJs and excipients.</p> <p>3. The <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> studies showed that cremophor-EL and all FJs prevented the metabolism of TDF with grapefruit juice (GFJ) having the highest level of inhibition. Further, the permeability flux of the monoester form of tenofovir was increased by 113% and 212% by cranberry juice (CBJ) and GFJ, respectively. The <i>in vivo</i> studies also showed that both CBJ and GFJ enhanced the oral bioavailability of TDF as the AUC was increased by 24% and 97%, respectively.</p> <p>4. These results indicate that the prevention of the metabolic conversion of TDF to its monoester form is crucial in increasing the oral absorption of TDF.