Moduli of the steep linear region of the stress-strain curves in phase 1 (<i>E</i>_<i>steep</i>), <i>ε</i>₀ strains, <i>σ</i>₀ pre-stresses, <i>τ</i>₁ and <i>τ</i>₂ characteristic times, stress-strain and torque-based loads (<i>L</i>_<i>c</i> and <i>L</i>_<i>t</i>) are displayed for each periosteal sample and the corresponding cadaver.

<p>Moduli and pre-stress values are in megapascals (MPa). Characteristic times are in seconds (s). <i>L</i>_<i>c</i> and <i>L</i>_<i>t</i> loads are in newtons (N). Displayed <i>L</i>_<i>t</i> values are for the first millimeter of distraction (<i>s</i> = 1 mm). Loads were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for paired samples. SEM: standard error of the mean IQR: interquartile range ⋆: calculated for cadaver III to IX. †: <i>L</i>_<i>c</i>-<i>L</i>_<i>t</i> comparison.