Supplementary Material for: Role of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ in Adipogenesis of SGBS Cells: New Insights into Human Preadipocyte Proliferation

<b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> Compared with non-obese individuals, obese individuals commonly store more vitamin D in adipose tissue. <i>VDR</i> expression in adipose tissue can influence adipogenesis and is therefore a target pathway deserving further study. This study aims to assess the role of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in human preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> RTCA, MTT, and trypan blue assays were used to assess the effects of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ on the viability, proliferation, and adipogenic differentiation of SGBS cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis analyses were performed with flow cytometry, triglycerides were quantified, and RT-qPCR was used to assess gene expression. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We confirmed that the SGBS cell model is suitable for studying adipogenesis and demonstrated that the differentiation protocol induces cell maturation, thereby increasing the lipid content of cells independently of treatment. 1,25(OH)₂D₃ treatment had different effects according to the cell stage, indicating different modes of action driving proliferation and differentiation. In preadipocytes, 1,25(OH)₂D₃ induced G1 growth arrest at both tested concentrations without altering <i>CDKN1A</i> gene expression. Treatment with 100 nM 1,25(OH)₂D₃ also decreased MTT absorbance and the lipid concentration. Moreover, increased normalized cell index values and decreased metabolic activity were not induced by proliferation or apoptosis. Exposure to 100 nM 1,25(OH)₂D₃ induced <i>VDR</i>, <i>CEBPA</i>, and <i>CEBPB</i> expression, even in the preadipocyte stage. During adipogenesis, 1,25(OH)₂D₃ had limited effects on processes such as <i>VDR</i> and <i>PPARG</i> gene expression, but it upregulated <i>CEBPA</i> expression. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> We demonstrated for the first time that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ induces changes in preadipocytes, including <i>VDR</i> expression and growth arrest, and increases the lipid content in adipocytes treated for 16 days. Preadipocytes are important cells in adipose tissue homeostasis, and understanding the role of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ in adipogenesis is a crucial step in ensuring adequate vitamin D supplementation, especially for obese individuals