The 3′-5′ RNA exosome-mediated, but not the 5′-3′ XRN1-mediated, RNA degradation is required for the anti-JEV activity of ZAP.

<p>A549 cells with shRNA targeting LacZ, XRN1, and EXOSC5 were transduced by lentiviruses expressing EGFP, ZAP-L-V5, and ZAP-S-V5. After 10 h of JEV infection (MOI = 5), cells lysates were analyzed by western blot for the indicated proteins (A and D, upper panel). The relative quantification of NS3 normalized by actin was quantified by ImageJ software (A and D, lower panel). Data are mean ± SD (from four independent experiments). Total RNA and culture supernatants were harvested for the measurement of viral RNA by RT-PCR (B and E) and viral titer by plaque assay (C and F). Data are representative results from repeated experiments and shown as mean ± SD (n = 3). The statistical significance was estimated by two-tailed Student’s <i>t</i> test. * <i>P</i>≤0.05; ** <i>P</i>≤0.01; *** <i>P</i>≤0.001; <i>NS</i>, not significant.