Rationally Designed Peptides as Efficient Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Chaperone Activity of HIV‑1 Nucleocapsid Protein

Due to its essential roles in the viral replication cycle and to its highly conserved sequence, the nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a target of choice for inhibiting replication of the virus. Most NCp7 inhibitors identified so far are small molecules. A small number of short peptides also act as NCp7 inhibitors by competing with its nucleic acid (NA) binding and chaperone activities but exhibit antiviral activity only at relatively high concentrations. In this work, in order to obtain more potent NCp7 competitors, we designed a library of longer peptides (10–17 amino acids) whose sequences include most of the NCp7 structural determinants responsible for its specific NA binding and destabilizing activities. Using an <i>in vitro</i> assay, the most active peptide (pE) was found to inhibit the NCp7 destabilizing activity, with a 50% inhibitory concentration in the nanomolar range, by competing with NCp7 for binding to its NA substrates. Formulated with a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), pE was found to accumulate into HeLa cells, with low cytotoxicity. However, either formulated with a CPP or overexpressed in cells, pE did not show any antiviral activity. <i>In vitro</i> competition experiments revealed that its poor antiviral activity may be partly due to its sequestration by cellular RNAs. The selected peptide pE therefore appears to be a useful tool for investigating NCp7 properties and functions <i>in vitro</i>, but further work will be needed to design pE-derived peptides with antiviral activity