Geographic distribution of penicillin resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Brazil: Genetic relatedness

From January 1993 through December 1996, 1,252 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains from different geographic regions of Brazil were studied for penicillin (Pen) susceptibility. All pneumococci were isolated from normally sterile fluids from patients, newborns to 88 years old. Pen resistance (R) had a mean rate of 15.1%, with 14.5% of strains showing intermediate level Pen-R and 0.6% showing high-level Pen-R, Similar Pen-R rates were observed in different regions of the country, in the range of 9.5% to 17.1%. A Pen-R increase was noted from 9.6% in 1993 to 20.6% in 1996. Pen-R was mostly associated to serotypes 6B, 14, 19A, and 23F (89%), Chromosomal DNA relatedness of Pen-R strains was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), High genetic diversity was identified, being represented by 27 patterns among the 92 strains. Two important features were observed: the predominance of relatively low-level Pen MIC (range 0.1-0.5 mg/L) in 86 of the 92 strains, and the presence of 60.8% as four major PFGF clusters unique to Brazil. Another feature was the geographic spread of these clusters over large distances in the country. The city of Sao Paulo seems to be a Pen-R focus (18.4%) in Brazil. Only two strains representing the international clone B widely spread in France, Portugal, and Spain, belonging to serotype 14, were found.Inst Adolfo Lutz, Secao Bacteriol, Sao Paulo, BrazilPan Amer Hlth Org, SVI, Washington, DC USAUniv Fed Sao Paulo, DIPA, Sao Paulo, BrazilRockefeller Univ, Microbiol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USAUniv Fed Sao Paulo, DIPA, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc