Wartime Rape and the Limitations of Justice: The Case of the Red Army at the Eastern Front and in Berlin (1944 / 1945)

?????? ????????? ????????? 1990??? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? 2??? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????. ??? ??????????????? ?????? 1944?????? 1945??? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????, ??????, ??????, ????????? ???????????? ??? 2?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????. ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????, ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? 2??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????, ??? ???????????? ????????????. Wartime rape has been featured as an important global issue since the time that cases of this crime were first historically heard at the Yugoslavian and Rwandan International Tribunals. This paper addresses a precedent- setting case of the Soviet Army at the Eastern Front and in Berlin in Germany at the end of World War II (WW II.). The Soviet Army perpetrated wartime rape against 2 million victims and did not face any indictment following the war. This paper explores the case focusing on the manner in which wartime rapes happened. It uses the witness accounts and experiences of German victims. It also looks at the subsequent physical and social consequences that are brought to bear on the victims: sexual diseases, pregnancy, suicide and social exclusion. Based on the results of this research, the paper pinpoints issues with patriarchal societies and the way they address wartime rape and its consequences. It also critically reviews the limitations of traditional, customary and international laws that are gender-biased and have previously neglected sexual violence during war (at least until the Yugoslavian and Rwandan International Tribunals heard such cases in 1990s.) Finally, the paper proposes transnational justice as a means to move beyond the limitations of traditional international justice, which has, at times, been helpless in dealing with wartime rape and other sexual violence committed during international conflicts between nations and ethnic groups. (Hanyang University / changnam@hanyang.ac.kr)??? ????????? 2008??? ????????? ???????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? (NRF 2008-361-A00005)