"Min-Bon ??????(??????)" Ideology and the Rise of the People in Sixteenth-Century Chosun

?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ???????????? ?????? ????????? ``?????????`` ?????? ?????? ``??????``??? ????????? ??????, ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ``????????????``??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????????. ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????????, ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????. ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????. ????????? 16????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????????????, ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ????????? ??? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ``????????????``??? ????????? ????????????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???????????? ``??????``??? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????. ??? ????????? 16????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????, ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ????????????. In the early Chosun dynasty, Min-Bon ideology that the people stand above the monarch was emphasized. The relationship between the ruling and the ruled were regarded sometimes as reciprocal. It was also held that not only the ruling but also the ruled had the nature to put the Confucian moral virtues into practice. As a result, the people who had been ignored in politics could now obtain their political identity. However the people remained to be considered those who lacked the real ability to put their nature into moral practices. They were still the object to be domesticated and ruled by the ruling class. Although both the ideas became influential in the early Chosun dynasty, Min-Bon ideology had the upper hand. This can be proved by the fact that kings regarded calamities as warnings from the heaven and thereby implemented practical policies for the ruled. Min-Bon ideology changed in the sixteenth century. To the ruling class, calamities such as plagues and droughts were not warnings from the heaven any more. Even if some calamities were considered warnings from the above, the royal bureaucrats entreated the king to practice abstract morals rather than enforcing concrete institutional reforms. As the government disregarded the people, they now lost the means to realize what they wanted and fell unavoidably into the hands of the upper class. It was an irony that the people were growing amid such circumstances. Those ideas that the king and the people were in one body and that the people could do ethical conducts emerged and gradually spread. The people began to perceive the Confucian political ideas and claim their rights without reserve. In this aspect the people in the sixteenth century differed from the counterpart of the preceding period. This change was the first stage in which the people became the true members of the Confucian community