Preparation and characterization of multi-layer nanoemulsion containing ??-tocopherol for enhancing cellular uptake

The objective of this study was to develop multi-layer nanoemulsions (NEs) using a layer-by-layer technique to improve the cellular uptake and intragastric stability of ??-Tocopherol (??-TC). ??-TC-loaded multi-layer NEs were prepared using lecithin (PRI-NE) followed by coating with chitosan as the second layer (SEC-NE) and dextran sulfate as the third layer (TER-NE) using a high-energy-method. Multi-layer NEs were ranged from 96 to 160 nm and exhibited a high entrapment efficiency of 80-91%. Cellular association, antioxidant activity, and in vitro bioaccessibility of ??-TC-loaded multi-layer NEs were significantly better than those of non-nanoencapsulated ??-TC (p