Generation of blast load time series under tunnelling

????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????. ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????. ??? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? 2?????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????. ??????, ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????. ??????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????, ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????.It is necessary to perform a dynamic analysis to numerically evaluate the effect of blasting on nearby facilities. The blast load time history, which cannot be directly measured, is most often determined from empirical equation. The load has to be adjusted to account for various factors influencing the load and the frequency, but there is not a clear guideline on how to adjust the load. In this study, a series of 2D dynamic numerical analyses that simulates a closely monitored test blasting is performed, from which the blast load that matches the measured vibrations are derived. In the analyses, it is assumed that the hole generated by the blasting is in the form of a circle, and the load was applied normally to the wall of the opening. Special attention was given in selecting the damping ratio for the ground, since it has important influence on the wave propagation and attenuation characteristics of the blast induce waves. The damping ratio was selected such that it matches favorably with the attenuation curve of the measurement. The analyses demonstrate that the empirical blast load widely used in practice highly overstimates the vibration since it does not account for the energy loss due to rock fragmentation. If the empirical load is used without proper adjustment, the numerical analysis may seriously overstimate the predicted vibration, and thus has to be reduced in the analysis.??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ‘????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? [NEMA-??????-2012-2]’??? ?????? ?????