Direct and Indirect Methods: Manipulations of Feminine Conventions in Heian Period Nikki (794-1185)

This research project focuses on portrayals of femininity as depicted by aristocratic women in Heian period Japan (794-1185). Through observing the differences between narrator and protagonist in three nikki (diary-style narratives), Kagero nikki, Makura no soshi (The Pillow Book), and Murasaki Shikibu nikki, I depict the difference between the narrator, and the persona that each woman depicts as the protagonist. I further explain these women's use of both overt and more subtle actions in subverting or conforming to societal standards for women. I will show that through these direct and indirect methods of manipulating society's standards, these aristocratic women portray their own versions of femininity in order to fulfill their ambitions.No embarg