Biomass estimation and carbon storage in Mangrove forests of Tanzania

This study aimed to develop tools for biomass estimation and quantify carbon stored in mangrove forests of Tanzania mainland. The study was carried out in four sites along the Tanzanian coastline; Pangani, Bagamoyo, Rufiji and Lindi-Mtwara. A total of 120 plots were measured along transects running perpendicular to sea/rivers. From each plot, one tree was destructively sampled for aboveground biomass. Thirty among 120 trees were sampled for belowground biomass. Data analysis was carried out in R software. Procedures for quantification of belowground biomass for Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh, Sonneratia alba J. Smith and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. were documented in detail. Root sampling is recommended for A. marina and S. alba while for R. mucronata, total root excavation method may be applied. The methods are more comprehensive than previously reported methods, therefore they should be applied in quantification of BGB. The study found an overall mean tree aboveground basic density of 0.60±0.00 (SE) g cm -3 , 0.54 ± 0.01 (SE) g cm -3 and 0.69 ± 0.01 (SE) g cm -3 for A. marina, S. alba and R. mucronata, respectively. Similarly, the overall mean tree belowground basic density was 0.57 ± 0.02 (SE) g cm -3 , 0.32 ± 0.01 (SE) g cm -3 and 0.53 ± 0.02 (SE) g cm -3 for A. marina, S. alba and R. mucronata, respectively. The study also showed that basic density varied between species, tree sizes and tree components. Accordingly, if properly determined and applied, basic density may be useful as a conversion factor and yield accurate biomass estimates. Otherwise they are likely to be a source of uncertainties in biomass estimation. Common (multi-species) and species-specific above- and belowground biomass models for the three mangrove species were developed.ii Species-specific models had better fit than common models. Evaluation of existing biomass models on data from this study generally showed large and significant prediction errors. Possibly this may be due to application of the models beyond data size ranges, geographical locations, and differences in forest structure and tree architecture. Species-specific models from this study are therefore recommended. The use models to unrepresented species is not recommended, where necessary however a conservativeness principle (i.e. when accuracy of estimates cannot be achieved, the risk of over- or under-estimation should be minimised) need to be applied. Using biomass models from this study and forest inventory data collected by National Forest Resources Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) of Tanzania, the study quantified aboveground carbon (AGC), belowground carbon (BGC) and total carbon (TC) stored in mangrove forests of Tanzania mainland. Results showed that, AGC, BGC and TC were 33.5 ± 5.8 Mg C ha -1 (53% of TC), 30.0 ± 4.5 Mg C ha -1 (47% of TC) and 63.5 ± 8.4 Mg C ha -1 respectively. Given that, mangroves of Tanzania mainland cover approximately 158, 100 ha, a total of 10.0 millions Mg C (i.e. 37.2 millions Mg CO 2 e) is stored in mangrove forests of Tanzania. Results from this study are essential for REDD+ initiatives and provides useful input in management of mangrove forests in the country.Climate Change Impacts and Mitigation Programme (CCIAM)and the Kingdom of Norwa