Effect of climate change and some agrotechnical factors on the yield and nitrogen- and water-use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) production

Winter wheat is a very important cereal crop in Hungary (~25% of Hungarian arable land). In the last decades in conventional wheat production used huge industrial, external inputs to increase the yields which caused a lot of harmful environmental effects. In long-term experiments different ecological (crop year), genetical (variety) and agrotechnical (fertilization, crop rotation) factors were studied on chernozem soil in Eastern Hungary. The fertilizer responses of wheat varieties depended on crop year (6.5-8.9 t ha-1 maximum yields in 2011-2015 years) and the genotypes (in 2012 the difference was ~3 t ha-1 among varieties). The optimum N(+PK) doses varied between 30-150 kg ha-1 in different crop years. In wheat production the fertilization resulted the highest yield surpluses in average crop years (2.8-5.5 t ha-1) comparing with dry ones (2.9-3.7 t ha-1), respectively. The optimum fertilization could improve WUE in wheat production