The objective of research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to reproduce human cognitive abilities by means of modern computers. The results of the last few years seem to announce a technological revolution that could profoundly change society. We focus our interest on two fundamental cognitive aspects, learning and memory. Associative memories offer the possibility to store information elements and to retrieve them using a sub-part of their content, thus mimicking human memory. Deep Learning allows to transition from an analog perception of the outside world to a sparse and more compact representation.In Chapter 2, we present a neural associative memory model inspired by Willshaw networks, with constrained connectivity. This brings an per...