In vivo, cells reside in a complex and three-dimensional microenvironment, with which they interact at multiple scales, from the nanometer (tropocollagen) to structures of several hundred of micrometers (trabeculae). However, most of our knowledge on cell physiology has been obtained from cells grown in Petri dishes, on plastic and in two dimensions. In those conditions, the spatial relationships between cells and their environment can only be deeply modified. Moreover, if the impact of substrate closure at a cellular level is particularly well documented, very few studies have shown its role at a tissue level (i.e. greater than 100 µm), and thus focused mostly on the matrix deposition rather than on the osteoblastic differentiation. In ord...