Presència de Rousseau a Catalunya: entre el mite i la realitat

En aquest article s'ofereix un perfil del pensament de Rousseau a partir de la seva relació amb la filosofia estoica i la seva dependència respecte de les idees de Montaigne, alhora que es remarca atenint-se a la Professió de fe del vicari savoià la dimensió religiosa i espiritual de la seva cosmovisió. Sobre la base d'aquests supòsits es revisa l'impacte de les idees de Rousseau en el Romanticisme del segle xix, sense perdre de vista les crítiques que la seva pedagogia va merèixer dels ideòlegs del Noucentisme (Eugeni d'Ors, Joaquim Xirau). Finalment, es conclou que la presència de la pedagogia de Rousseau en el Moviment de Renovació Pedagògica, viscut durant les primeres dècades del segle xx a Catalunya, constitueix més un horitzó que no pas una realitat bastida sistemàticament i sòlidament.En este artículo se ofrece un perfil del pensamiento de Rousseau a partir de su relación con la filosofía estoica y su dependencia respecto de las ideas de Montaigne, a la vez que se remarca a la vista de la Profesión de fe del vicario saboyano la dimensión religiosa y espiritual de su cosmovisión. Sobre la base de estos supuestos se revisa el impacto de las ideas de Rousseau en el romanticismo del siglo xix, sin perder vista las críticas que mereció su pedagogía por parte de los ideólogos del Novecentismo (Eugenio dOrs, Joaquín Xirau). Finalmente, se concluye que la presencia de la pedagogía de Rousseau en el Movimiento de Renovación Pedagógica, vivido durante las primeras décadas del siglo xx en Cataluña, constituye más un horizonte que una realidad construida sistemática y sólidamente.This paper offers an overview of Rousseaus thought, using as its starting point its relation with stoic philosophy and dependence on Montaignes ideas, while at the same time highlighting in the light of the Profession of faith of a Savoyard vicar, one of his most salient texts, as Rousseau himself said the religious and spiritual dimension of his world view. It should not be forgotten that Rousseau not only turned away from the philosophy of the Enlightenment but also from those who maintained materialistic and atheistic theses, advocating instead a natural religion. Given these factors, it is not surprising that pedagogic naturalism found fertile ground in Catalonia during the first years of the 20th century, as its adaptation facilitated the development of a spiritual philosophy that matched the views of many schoolteachers who conceived Nature as a living thing. Thus, its religious undertones and quest for a natural life, without losing sight of the demand for austerity, held considerable appeal for the Catalan pedagogic renewal movement. Indeed, the Romantic tradition acted as a bridge that, through authors such as Alexander von Humboldt, enabled Rousseaus ideas to germinate in Catalonia. However, with the advent of Noucentism in Catalonia in the early 20th century, authors such as Eugenio dOrs published harsh criticisms of Rousseaus romanticism. Other thinkers, such as Joaquín Xirau who wrote within the historical context of the Spanish Republic also moved away from Rousseaus ideas about education. However, it is possible to postulate that Rousseaus ideas triumphed indirectly through Goethe the Romantic genius who came to be viewed as the champion of Neoclassicism and Dewey, considering the concomitances between naturalism and pragmatism. The paper concludes that the presence of Rousseaus pedagogics in the pedagogic renewal movement during the early decades of the 20th century in Catalonia is more a horizon that was aspired towards than a systematically and solidly built reality