コモン・スクールの教室における「統治」と「規律」 : F・W・パーカーの教授理論の再検討

The public elementary school in the United States, which was called "the common school" during the 19th century, has expressed an ideal of "commonality" or "commonness" in American culture. The ideal contained the ideas of "government" or "discipline" of the school method of teaching practice, as the very practical form. F.W.Parker, who was often called "father of the progressive education" or "inventor of the childcentered pedagogy," was a successor of these teacher-initiative ideas by its nature. It was ironical. However, his central interest of the chapter "School Government and Moral Training" in Talks on Pedagogics (1894) is, neither children nor teacher, the social relationship called "democracy" and the common school that he named "the embryonic democracy." In the common schools, children and teachers were made to be functional "parts" in the governmental form of "democracy." His "democracy" was not only a political ideal of nation but also a civil religion, and built the consensus and publicness of the modern schools in America