Eco-physiological changes in sorghum hybrids released in Argentina over the last 30 years

The development of single-cross hybrids during mid-1950s was important for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] improvement worldwide. Within the hybrid era, however, there is limited information on sorghum genetic progress. Our main objective was to evaluate the genetic gain for grain yield and other phenotypic traits for grain sorghum commercial hybrids released in Argentina from 1984 to 2014. A second objective was to describe common attributes behind high-yielding hybrids. A total of 43 hybrids were grown at three different environments. Evaluated traits were grain yield, yield components (grain numberm-2 and individual grain weight), phenology, plant height, stay-green, crop growth rate around flowering, reproductive biomass partitioning, grain set efficiency, biomass at maturity, harvest index and post-anthesis source/sink ratio. Yield across environments varied from 8.1 to 10.8tha-1. Genetic progress for grain yield was 8.7 ± 2.9kgha-1year-1 (p<0.01) across environments. This progress represented only 0.1% of the experiments mean grain yield. Modern hybrids set more grains per unit of reproductive biomass (p<0.10), have more stay-green (p<0.10), and showed higher post-anthesis source/sink ratio (p