Fine Particle Emissions From Tropical Peat Fires Decrease Rapidly With Time Since Ignition

Southeast Asia experiences frequent fires in fuel-rich tropical peatlands, leading to extreme episodes of regional haze with high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) impacting human health. In a study published recently, the first field measurements of PM 2.5 emission factors for tropical peat fires showed larger emissions than from other fuel types. Here we report even higher PM 2.5 emission factors, measured at newly ignited peat fires in Malaysia, suggesting that current estimates of fine particulate emissions from peat fires may be underestimated by a factor of 3 or more. In addition, we use both field and laboratory measurements of burning peat to provide the first mechanistic explanation for the high variability in PM 2.5 emission factors, demonstrating that buildup of a surface ash layer causes the emissions of PM 2.5 to decrease as the peat fire progresses. This finding implies that peat fires are more hazardous (in terms of aerosol emissions) when first ignited than when still burning many days later. Varying emission factors for PM 2.5 also have implications for our ability to correctly model the climate and air quality impacts downwind of the peat fires. For modelers able to implement a time-varying emission factor, we recommend an emission factor for PM 2.5 from newly ignited tropical peat fires of 58 g of PM 2.5 per kilogram of dry fuel consumed (g/kg), reducing exponentially at a rate of 9%/day. If the age of the fire is unknown or only a single value may be used, we recommend an average value of 24 g/kg