Adverse effects of very high-frequency sound and ultrasound on humans

For many years workers have reported adverse symptoms resulting from exposure to very high-frequency sound (VHFS) and ultrasound (US), including annoyance, dizziness and difficulty concentrating. Recent work showing the presence of a new generation of VHFS/US sources in public places has reopened the debate about whether adverse effects can be caused by exposure to VHFS/US. Our field measurements of VHF/US sources in public places have identified devices producing up to 100 dB SPL at 20 kHz. Nearly all of the sources measured, including those in places occupied by tens of millions of people each year, are likely to be clearly audible to many young people. We have conducted two studies. The first looked at adverse symptoms resulting from exposure to audible VHFS/US, and the second was a double-blind study of adverse symptoms resulting from exposure to inaudible VHFS/US. In each study, both symptomatic participants, who reported previously experiencing symptoms, and asymptomatics participants, who did not, were tested. We found evidence that symptoms were produced by exposure to audible VHFS/US but not by inaudible sound. It is possible that the substantial effects reported for inaudible VHFS/US exposure were not reproduced because of ethical restrictions on stimulus level and duration