High Order Cut Finite Element Methods for Wave Equations

This thesis considers wave propagation problems solved using finite element methods where a boundary or interface of the domain is not aligned with the computational mesh. Such methods are usually referred to as cut or immersed methods. The motivation for using immersed methods for wave propagation comes largely from scattering problems when the geometry of the domain is not known a priori. For wave propagation problems, the amount of computational work per dispersion error is generally lower when using a high order method. For this reason, this thesis aims at studying high order immersed methods. Nitsche's method is a common way to assign boundary or interface conditions in immersed finite element methods. Here, penalty terms that are consistent with the boundary/interface conditions are added to the weak form. This requires that special quadrature rules are constructed on the intersected elements, which take the location of the immersed boundary/interface into account. A common problem for all immersed methods is small cuts occurring between the elements in the mesh and the computational domain. A suggested way to remedy this is to add terms penalizing jumps in normal derivatives over the faces of the intersected elements. Paper I and Paper II consider the acoustic wave equation, using first order elements in Paper I, and using higher order elements in Paper II. High order elements are then used for the elastic wave equation in Paper III. Papers I to III all use continuous Galerkin, Nitsche's method, and jump-stabilization. Paper IV compares the errors of this type of cut finite element method with two other numerical methods. One result from Paper II is that the added jump-stabilization results in a mass matrix with a high condition number. This motivates the investigation of alternatives. Paper V considers a hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method. This paper investigates to what extent local time stepping in combination with cell-merging can be used to overcome the problem of small cuts