From the concepts of federation and empire and through a historical and legal analysis, this work attempts to answer some questions about the state nature of Russia. If this country has been formally a federal State since the adoption of the December 12th 1993 Constitution, the application of this Constitution shows the difficulty of this State to reconcile diversity and unity and to respect the principles of federalism. Besides, concerning the Russian Federation, it?'s more accurate to speak of an ongoing federalist system rather than a clearly established federal system. Therefore, we can record than after a first period placed under the signs of division and "extraconstitutionalism", a period has followed with a regaining of control by t...