Middle Triassic conodont assemblages from the Germanic Basin: implications for multi-element taxonomy and biogeography

Conodonts have been a key tool for biostratigraphical, evolutionary and palaeobiogeographical studies, and the GermanicBasin has been one of the most important regions for these studies. However, few modern studies provide systematic data onthe mainly endemic conodonts of the Middle Triassic Germanic Basin. Here we document conodonts from two sections inGermany, one Bithynian in age and the other late Anisian to early Ladinian in age. The two sections captured two episodesof marine fauna invasion in the Germanic epicontinental basin during the Middle Triassic. The conodont Neogondolellamombergensis, elsewhere reported as appearing globally, is reviewed and revised, confirming previous suggestions that thisspecies only occurs in the Germanic Basin. Apparatuses of Neogondolella haslachensis and Nicoraella germanica from theGermanic Basin are proposed. It was generally expected that S and M elements within clades have a very high morphologicalstability compared to P elements. However, the apparatus of Nicoraella germanica differs significantly from that of southChina, indicating that the morphology of S elements within a genus can be unstable, and thus promotes our understanding ofconodont evolution. The rarely documented genus Gondolatus, which was suggested as representing pathological specimens,is confirmed as a valid genus in the Germanic Basin. Our data suggest that endemic conodonts evolved twice, not only in theUpper Muschelkalk Subgroup, but also in the Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup