Human diseases, immunity and the oral microbiota-Insights gained from metagenomic studies

The immune system consists of a complex but organised myriad of cell types that continually maintain and survey their resident environment. It is this balanced homeostatic relationship between the cells of the immune system and its surrounding environment that shapes the microbial flora. In the oral cavity, the immune system not only has to harmonise with the ecology of commensal bacteria, fungi and viruses but also should be able to defend against pathogenic microbes. In fact, the oral microbiota is altered in situations when the immune system is dysregulated. There are a number of human diseases or conditions that perturb the balance of the host immune system and have an effect on the host oral microbiota. If this balance is disturbed, the symbiotic relationship will shift to allow the colonisation or overgrowth of potentially pathogenic species, inducing a pathogenic process that leads to various disease symptoms. The dynamics balance between the immune status and the oral microbial community of an individual has remained understudied till recently. Advances in metagenomics allow detailed investigations into oral microbial population and the possible diversity. This concise review summarises the current findings using metagenomic approaches for studying oral microbial flora diversity. (c) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Japanese Stomatological Society