Mass-Spectrometry-Based Identification of Cross-Links in Proteins Exposed to Photo-Oxidation and Peroxyl Radicals Using ¹⁸O Labeling and Optimized Tandem Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation

Protein cross-links are formed in regulated biochemical processes in many biological systems, but they are also generated inadvertently via the reactions of exogenous or endogenous oxidants. Site-specific identification and characterization of such cross-links is challenging, and the goal was, therefore, to develop mass-spectrometry-based approaches tailored for proteins subjected to oxidative challenges that also are applicable for the analysis of complex samples. Using trypsin-mediated ¹⁸O isotopic labeling, different types of data acquisition workflows, and designated database software tools, we successfully identified tyrosine–tyrosine, tyrosine–tryptophan, tyrosine–lysine, and histidine–lysine cross-links in proteins subjected to sensitizer-mediated photo-oxidation with rose bengal or chemical oxidation with peroxyl radicals generated from the water-soluble compound 2,2′-azobis­(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Subsequently, AAPH was also applied to a protein extract from the Gram-positive bacterium <i>Lactococcus lactis</i>, demonstrating the feasibility to identify tyrosine–tyrosine, tyrosine–tryptophan, and tryptophan–tryptophan cross-linked peptides in a complex system. Different fragmentation techniques were evaluated, and it was observed that higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) resulted in a higher number of identified cross-link peptides, while electron-transfer dissociation supplemented with HCD (EThcD) generally provides higher fragment ion coverage of the cross-linked peptides