L'invention de nouvelles campagnes en Roumanie

The invention of new rural areas in Romania. — The law on land property in February 1991 put an end to agricultural cooperatives in Romania: this has meant the end of the former order which had been imposed on the country for thirty years and has resulted in property being split up into an infinity of small plots. In the absence of a proper agricultural policy the responsibility has fallen to communal authorities to invent new forms of organisation of production. People at local level are now trying to set up a number of tentative systems with no precise reference to established models while those responsible for legislation seem to have no clearly defined planning prospects. In the present period of crisis emerging forms of organisation at local level are largely dependent on the constraints imposed by the matrixes which have generated them. The examples of four widely different communes illustrate the capacity of local systems to direct change.La loi foncière de février 1991 supprimant les coopératives agricoles en Roumanie a mis fin à l'ordre imposé aux campagnes depuis trente ans et provoqué un extraordinaire morcellement du parcellaire de propriété. Faute de véritable politique agricole, elle a remis au niveau communal la liberté d'inventer de nouvelles formes d'organisation de la production. On assiste donc à l'invention de systèmes multiples et tâtonnants, construits par les acteurs locaux, sans référence précise à un modèle établi et sans intention clairement affichée du législateur. En cette période de crise, les formes en gestation sont fortement soumises aux contraintes de leur matrice locale. Quatre communes très différentes permettent d'apprécier la capacité des systèmes locaux à orienter le changement.Inventarea noilor spajii rurale în Romania. — Legea funciarâ din februarie 1991, care a suprimat cooperativele agricole din Romania, a pus capât ordinii impuse satelor vreme de trei decenii §i a provocat o extraordinarâ fârâmi^are a proprietâ^ilor agricole. în lipsa unei adevârate politici agricole, ea a indus la nivel comunal libertatea de a inventa noi forme de orga- nizare a producjiei. Eforturile conduc la inventarea unor sisteme multiple, §ovâielnice, construite de câtre agenjii locali în condi- tiile absenjei referinjelor precise la vreun model stabilit §i fârâ sprijinul unei strategii clare a puterii legislative. în aceastâ per ioadâ de crizâ, formele pe cale de a fi create suportâ constrânge- rile puternice aie matricilor locale. Patru comune foarte diferite permit aprecierea capacitâ{ilor sistemelor locale de a orienta pro- cesul tranzi^iei.Von Hirschhausen-Leclerc Béatrice. L'invention de nouvelles campagnes en Roumanie. In: Espace géographique, tome 23, n°4, 1994. pp. 318-328