Three forms of reductionism are currently being advocated seriously. (1) The doctrine of constitutive (or «ontological») reductionism, according to which no biological phenomenon conflicts with physico-chemical explanations, is now generally accepted. (2) According to theoretical reductionism, which is the most recent expression of the logical-empiricist doctrine of the unity of science, the theories formulated in biology are special cases of physico-chemical theories. (3) According to explanatory reductionism, all biological phenomena can be explained in terms of the actions and interactions of their components. The first form of reductionism turns out to be too weak. The second form, which is closely related to Hempel's deductive-nomologi...