Penetratin tandemly linked to a CTL peptide induces anti-tumour T-cell responses via a cross-presentation pathway

Recently there has been increasing evidence to suggest that membrane translocating peptides enter cells by a receptor-dependent pathway. There have been some studies on the mechanism of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation of membrane translocating peptides incorporating cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes. However, these have been on different cell lines and only a limited number of inhibitors of the antigen presentation pathway were used. Herein, we demonstrate a comprehensive study utilizing a full spectrum of inhibitors to various pathways of MHC class I to elucidate the mechanism of the membrane translocating peptide, penetratin from Antennapedia (Int). It is clear that Int, RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK when tandemly linked to a cytotoxic T lymphocyte peptide of ovalbumin, SIINFEKL (IntSIIN) is endocytosed via phagocytosis or macropinocytosis by dendritic cells in an ATP-dependent manner and is processed by a proteasome- and tapasin-independent pathway for presentation and loading to MHC class I molecules. In addition, the majority of antigen is taken up by negatively charged receptors. IntSIIN activates T cells in vitro and in vivo and protects mice against challenge with an ovalbumin-expressing tumour