Our knowledge of ancient viticulture in France has greatly increased during the last forty years, especially during these last twenty years due to the results of rescue archaeology. We now can assume that no real viticulture existed before the foundation of Marseille by the Phocaeans. The Greeks kept an exclusive control on the wine production and trade, even if as early as the 3rd and 4th centuries BC, an indigenous vine cultivation was developed around coastal centres as Lattes and Martigues. After the Roman conquest, viticulture expanded in Languedoc, but the main development went on after the Civil Wars and after the foundation of colonies in Gallia Narbonensis where it reached its peak during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Vine cultivat...