The analysis of the role of private expectations is relatively recent in economics. Keynes put forward a modern vision, insisting on the non-objectivity of beliefs and the interactions between the various agents' expectations. The rational expectations doctrine appears as a post-modern reaction, rooted in the classical ideal of absolute truth. Severe theoretical difficulties beset this approach to economic modelling, especially the non-convergence of individual forecasts and the vulnerability of expectations to beliefs, illustrated by the existence of sunspot equilibria. The major conclusions of the rational expectations doctrine have also been questionned by a number of recent empirical findings — excess volatility of stock market prices, ...