The universality of telephone service is generally believed to be an achievement of regulated monopoly and rate subsidies. This paper critically examines the historical claims of what it terms the ideology of universal service. It shows that a ubiquitous telephone infrastructure developed in the USA because of competition between Bell and the independents in the period 1894-1921. Moreover, it shows that it was the refusal of Bell and the independents to interconnect with each other, a phenomenon which is generally ignored or condemned in the historical and economic literature, which propelled both systems into a race to achieve universality, leading to rapid increases in penetration and geographic scope, particularly in rural areas.L'univer...
In 1907, AT&T President Theodore N. Vail proclaimed universal service to be a key corporate goal. Th...
Summary: Electric telegraphy developed rapidly in France between 1850 and 1880, so that by the end o...
This chapter surveys the history of telecommunications from a global perspective and highlights thre...
The dissertation is a historical and theoretical study of competition between the Bell and independe...
The dissertation is a historical and theoretical study of competition between the Bell and independe...
In seeking to answer the question of why there is no consensus in the UK on the concept of 'universa...
This research examines the development of universal service in Ireland over the period from 1880 to ...
This article retraces the main stages in the history of the telephone in Germany: its introduction i...
Whereas in Europe the public authorities were quick to take control of the telegraph, in the U.S. it...
The half-century following the Civil War witnessed an epochal transformation in American telecommuni...
The history of communications in the United States is a relatively uncultivated field. Generalizatio...
Abstract : In continental Europe the state owned and controlled the telegraph network from the begin...
The knowledge we have on the history of the telephone's first years has been renewed by the work con...
This essay contends that the US Signal Corps’ wartime network had major consequences for the postwar...
As the United States and the other Western Industrialized Nations advance to the Twenty-first Centur...
In 1907, AT&T President Theodore N. Vail proclaimed universal service to be a key corporate goal. Th...
Summary: Electric telegraphy developed rapidly in France between 1850 and 1880, so that by the end o...
This chapter surveys the history of telecommunications from a global perspective and highlights thre...
The dissertation is a historical and theoretical study of competition between the Bell and independe...
The dissertation is a historical and theoretical study of competition between the Bell and independe...
In seeking to answer the question of why there is no consensus in the UK on the concept of 'universa...
This research examines the development of universal service in Ireland over the period from 1880 to ...
This article retraces the main stages in the history of the telephone in Germany: its introduction i...
Whereas in Europe the public authorities were quick to take control of the telegraph, in the U.S. it...
The half-century following the Civil War witnessed an epochal transformation in American telecommuni...
The history of communications in the United States is a relatively uncultivated field. Generalizatio...
Abstract : In continental Europe the state owned and controlled the telegraph network from the begin...
The knowledge we have on the history of the telephone's first years has been renewed by the work con...
This essay contends that the US Signal Corps’ wartime network had major consequences for the postwar...
As the United States and the other Western Industrialized Nations advance to the Twenty-first Centur...
In 1907, AT&T President Theodore N. Vail proclaimed universal service to be a key corporate goal. Th...
Summary: Electric telegraphy developed rapidly in France between 1850 and 1880, so that by the end o...
This chapter surveys the history of telecommunications from a global perspective and highlights thre...