On the origin of critical temperature enhancement in atomically thin superconductors

Recent experiments showed that thinning gallium, iron selenide and 2H tantalum disulfide to single/several monoatomic layer(s) enhances their superconducting critical temperatures. Here, we characterize these superconductors by extracting the absolute values of the London penetration depth, the superconducting energy gap, and the relative jump in specific heat at the transition temperature from their self-field critical currents. Our central finding is that the enhancement in transition temperature for these materials arises from the opening of an additional superconducting gap, while retaining a largely unchanged 'bulk' superconducting gap. Literature data reveals that ultrathin niobium films similarly develop a second superconducting gap. Based on the available data, it seems that, for type-II superconductors, a new superconducting band appears when the film thickness becomes smaller than the out-of-plane coherence length. The same mechanism may also be the cause of enhanced interface superconductivity.Marsden Fund of New Zealand; Victoria University of Wellington [URF-8-1620-209864-3580]; PBRF [215637]; Dutch organization for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM); Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science (OCW); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO); National Basic Research Program of China [2013CB934600]; State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University [KF201501]; Open Project Program of the Pulsed High Magnetic Field Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology [PHMFF2015002]SCI(E)ARTICLE2