Fracture morphology and injury mechanisms of tibial plateau fracture: analysis of 200 cases

目的 根据200例胫骨平台骨折的形态特点和损伤机制对胫骨平台骨折进行重新分类. 方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2011年4月期间连续诊治的199例胫骨平台骨折患者(200例骨折)X线及三维CT影像资料,男134例,女65例;年龄15～77岁,平均45.7岁.骨折根据Schatzker分型:Ⅰ型9例(4.5％),Ⅱ型105例(52.5％),Ⅳ型19例(9.5％),Ⅴ型37例(18.5％),Ⅵ型30例(15.0％);无Ⅲ型骨折.在Schatzker分型的基础上根据骨折形态及损伤机制对胫骨平台骨折进行再分类. 结果 将胫骨平台骨折重新分为5种类型:①外髁骨折、外翻型损伤100例(50％).其损伤机制为膝关节外翻伸直位的轴向暴力.②骨折脱位型损伤24例(12.0％).此型包括Schatzker分型中典型的Ⅳ型损伤及部分合并外侧半脱位的Ⅵ型损伤.其损伤机制为包含内外翻、旋转及轴向暴力的复合暴力,其中旋转暴力是导致膝关节发生半脱位的关键因素.③双髁骨折40例(20.0％).此型骨折为膝关节伸直位的轴向暴力所致,即为SchatzkerⅤ型及部分不合并膝关节半脱位的Ⅵ型损伤.④后髁骨折、屈曲型损伤32例(16.0％).后髁骨折是仅累及胫骨平台后髁的骨折,由膝关节屈曲位轴向暴力所致.根据骨折形态,后髁骨折可进一步分为3种亚型:单纯后内侧劈裂骨折、单纯后外侧塌陷骨折及后内劈裂合并后外塌陷骨折.⑤前侧胫骨平台压缩骨折、过伸型损伤4例(2.0％).其损伤机制应为膝关节过伸位受到轴向暴力,骨折特点为胫骨髁前侧明显压缩,后侧完整. 结论 根据骨折形态和损伤机制,胫骨平台骨折可分为5类:外髁骨折、骨折脱位型损伤、双髁骨折、后髁骨折及前侧胫骨平台压缩骨折.Objective To classify tibial plateau fractures based on the analysis of the morphology and injury mechanisms of 200 cases of tibial plateau feature.Methods We collected the X-ray and CT images of 200 consecutive cases of tibial plateau fracture in i99 patients who had been treated at our department from January 2010 to April 2011.They were 134 males and 65 females,from 15 to 77 years of age (average,45.7 years).According to the Schatzker classification,9 cases were type Ⅰ (4.5％),105 type Ⅱ (52.5％),19type Ⅳ (9.5％),37type Ⅴ (18.5％),30type Ⅵ (15.0％),and none type m.The fracture morphology and injury mechanism of each case were analyzed to propose a new classification system.Results Fractures of tibial plateau can be classified into the following five types:(a) Lateral condylar fracture and valgus injury (100 cases,50％).The injury mechanism is the axial force on the valgus and extended knee joint.(b) Fracture-dislocation injury (24 cases,12.0％).This type includes typical Schatzker type Ⅳ,and some cases of Schatzker type Ⅵ associated with lateral subluxation.Its mechanism is a compound force of valgus,varus,rotational and axial stresses.The rotational force is the key factor leading to subluxation of the knee joint.(c) Double-condylar fracture (40 cases,20.0％).This type is caused by an axial force on the extended knee,including Schatzker type Ⅴ and some cases of Schatzker type Ⅵ not associated with knee subluxation.(d) Posterior condylar fracture and flexion injury (32 cases,16.0％).This type only involves the posterior condylar plateau,and is caused by an axial force on the flexed knee.Based on the morphology,posterior condylar fractures can be further divided into three subtypes:simple split of posteromedial condyle,simple collapse of posterolateral condyle,and a combination of the two.(e) Frontal plateau compression fracture and hyperextension injury (4 cases,2.0％).This type is caused by an axial force on the hyper-extended knee.It is characterized by significant compression of the anterior plateau and intact posterior plateau.Conclusion Based on the morphological features and injury mechanisms,tibial plateau fractures can be classified into 5 types:lateral condylar fracture,fracture-dislocation injury,double-condylar fracture,posterior condylar fracture,and frontal plateau compression fracture.中文核心期刊要目总览(PKU)中国科技核心期刊(ISTIC)中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)147-511