Reversible Healing Effect of Water Molecules on Fully Crystallized Metal-Halide Perovskite Film

Water molecules have been reported to cause the degradation of perovskite crystals by forming a hydrated intermediate structure and then lead iodide irreversibly. Here, the quality of fully crystallized perovskite films is found to be improved by spraying water vapor with an appropriate time. Moreover, this healing effect was found to be reversible and would disappear when the water molecules escaped. Through measuring the steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence of perovskite film before and after water vapor spray, we found that water molecules can deactivate the nonradiative recombination centers due to hydrogen bonding with uncoordinated ions on the surface of perovskite film. Furthermore, by analyzing the capacitance of devices without and with water vapor spray, the healing or deactivation effect was clearly seen in the significantly decreased density of defect states. This work emphasized the effectiveness of hydroxyl to heal the defects due to dangling bonds on the material surface, and close attention should be paid on searching for more stable healing agent with hydroxyl to increase the efficiency of perovskite solar cells.National 973 projects (MOST) from the Ministry of Science and Technology, China [2013CB932602, 2011CB707601]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [NSFC51272007, 61571015, 11234001, 91433102, 11327902]; Beijing Nova Program [XX2013003]; Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of ChinaSCI(E)EIARTICLEzhaoqing@pku.edu.cn94759-476512