Anaerobic–aerobic sequencing batch reactor treating azo dye containing wastewater: effect of high nitrate ions and salt

In this work, the treatment of wastewater containing azo dye using anaerobic–aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) based on mixed culture for its efficacy in decolorization and reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) under different operational conditions has been analyzed. Effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), salts content and nitrate ion concentration on the rate and extent of color and COD removal through 180 days containing steady-state and acclimation periods were investigated. Solid retention time was kept constant at 20 days in all experiments. Almost complete decolorization could be achieved at dye concentrations between 5 and 500 mg/L, but the removal of COD decreased gradually from 90 to 65% with increasing dye concentration. The results indicated that color was mainly removed under anaerobic conditions and it was almost filled out within 2–3 h of the anaerobic residence time with up to 98% decolorization efficiency. Besides, cutting the cycle time from 24 to 8 h does not have an effect on color removal. Increases in HRT provide enough time for partial mineralization of COD and intermediates in SBR system. The rates of color and COD removals decreased with increasing salt content and nitrate ion concentration in the feed wastewater