Governing Large Carnivores : Comparative Insights from Three Different Countries

The governance of large carnivores are often surrounded by conflicts. Along with the difficulties of governing large carnivores through centralized, top-down governing and a general shift toward participatory approaches in natural resource governance, this has led many countries to establish various collaborative measures in large carnivore governance - often presented as catch-all solutions to problems of legitimacy, democratic deficit and effectiveness. However, the field of large carnivore governance currently lacks a coherent understanding of strenghts and weaknesses of different kinds of collaborative arrangements. In this paper, we address this knowledge gap. Using the framework of modes of governance to categorize and compare the governance of large carnivores in Norway, Sweden and Finland, we discuss the potential and limitations of various governance modes and identify gaps in contemporary research literature. The main conclusion is that all three governance systems need to incorporate more interactive governance elements