This book was the result of lifetime research studies both on the field and through archival and literature sources, conducted in Europe, Pakistan, Sultanate of Oman, and Zanzibar-Tanzania. In this study, I tried to focus on more than one littoral and on more than one region inside the Indian Ocean, with the object of analysing different perspectives both methodological and chronological. Since the first edition of this study published by Brill Academic Publishers in 2004, and throughout the years, I came across numerous new theories and interpretations, and the importance of the Indian Ocean is worldwide recognized, while when I started I was the only Italian scholar attending many international conferences where this area remained for a l...