Cancer is a pathology characterized by organism cell transformation and uncontrolled cell proliferation at the expense of the organism. It can affect any tissue in the organism, and can eventually threaten patient survival. This phenomenon is commonly viewed as the result of organism decay during ageing, yet this paradigm fails to embrace the whole complexity of this disease. Cancer progression indeed relies on mutations which fuel differential cell proliferation, and thus it can be described by ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Besides, cancer manifestations are widespread across living organisms, and may be due to the emergence of multicellularity a billion years ago. Cancer has thus always constrained the evolution of organisms. How ...